Stable nanoemulsions : self-assembly in nature and nanomedicine / Joseph D'Arrigo.

1. Occurrence of dilute gas-in-liquid emulsions in natural waters -- 2. Early work with aqueous carbohydrate gels -- 3. Comparison of aqueous soil extracts with carbohydrate gels -- 4. Characteristic glycopeptide fraction of natural microbubble surfactant -- 5. Ecological chemistry of microbubble surfactant -- 6. Surface properties of microbubble-surfactant monolayers -- 7. Structure of predominant surfactant components stabilizing natural microbubbles -- 8. Stable microbubbles in physiological fluids: competing hypotheses -- 9. Concentrated gas-in-liquid emulsions in artificial media. I. Demonstration by laser-light scattering -- 10. Concentrated gas-in-liquid emulsions in artificial media. II. Characterization by photon correlation spectroscopy -- 11. Concentrated gas-in-liquid emulsions in artificial media. Ill. Review of molecular mechanisms involved in microbubble stabilization -- 12. Targeted imaging of tumors, and targeted cavitation therapy, with lipid-coated microbubbles (LCM) -- 13. Targeted drug-delivery therapy of tumors using LCM -- 14. Proposed mechanism of selective LCM uptake by tumor cells: role of lipoprotein receptor-mediated endocytic pathways -- 15. Endocytotic events versus particle size: multidisciplinary analyses demonstrate LCM sizes are mostly submicron -- 16. LCM and nanoparticle subpopulations for drug delivery -- 17. Composition of LCM governing interplay with nanoparticle subpopulation -- 18. Targeted nanoparticle subpopulation: comparison with self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery systems in pharmaceutical research -- 19. Clinical development of an "LCM/Nanoparticle-Derived" formulation: a nanoemulsion based upon "Dispersed LMN" -- 20. Selected parenteral lipid nanoemulsions under clinical study: comparison concerning passive accumulation in tumors, active targeting of tumors, and validation status -- 21. Supplementary operational benefits concerning "LCM/Nanoparticle-Derived" formulations: relation to lipid-nanoemulsion structure -- 22. Biological lipid polymorphs: preferred cubic phase of "Dispersed LMN" -- 23. Nonlamellar phase(s) facilitating membrane fusion: endocytosis of dispersed LMN -- 24. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of (mixed-lipid) dispersed LMN -- 25. Further chemotherapy with lipid nanoemulsions: targeting certain hyperproliferative diseases, as well as neoplasias, via "Lipoprotein Receptor" -- mediated endocytosis -- 26. Related clinical trials and human epidemiological studies -- 27. Aspects of future R&D regarding targeted lipid nanoemulsions.